Threat of Information Technology to Law Enforcement Essay Example for Free

Threat of Information Technology to Law Enforcement Essay Information technology can be defined as â€Å"Any equipment or interconnected system or subsystem of equipment that is used in the automatic acquisition, storage, manipulation, management, movement, control, display, switching, interchange, transmission, or reception of data or information. The term information technology includes computers, ancillary equipment, software, firmware and similar procedures, services (including support services), and related resources†. (Section 508 Definitions) In present days, the use of information technology has become a life blood for every organization. In this regard, the internet has greatly effect on the world of business transactions, and the fast price declines of telecommunications bandwidth and computing power are having a dramatic impact on the financial world. All banks and financial institutions have connected their network by using IT and hence made it possible that user can withdraw and send payment from one place to another in no time. It becomes very easy to make an online debit or credit card payment. Electronic commerce has been rapidly increasing not only in B2B business to business transactions but also in B2C business to consumer transactions. Simultaneously, the fast expansion of electronic-commerce has brought about important changes in the territory of settlement, which is inevitably incidental to transactions. Paper-based payment by check, which is a normally conventional method of settlement, has been used in fewer cases due to a altering connection between sales transactions and settlement with the development of IT and the expansion of Internet-based financial transactions. However, some new ideas have emerged in terms of legal constitutions, legal theories, legal concepts, and concerning conventional settlement. Use of IT unable the development of procedures financial markets, and instruments that economist in the past could only theorize about. Financial transactions can be settled in real time although the contracting parties may be hundreds of miles apart. As technology has progressed, Electronic-money is being introduced as the newest method of exchanging value. Obviously, the electronic exchange of money is by no means a new invention. Financial institutions and Banks have been using computers to deal with one another for quite some time. Alone in the United States, in terms of the volume of dollars exchanged, the computer-based Fed-wire and Clearing House Inter-bank Payments System (or CHIPS) together account for 90 percent of all transactions. Besides, 90 percent of individual transactions are still made by check and cash. With the huge advancement in information technology several payments and collections methods have been developed and used successfully. â€Å"The rise of the Internet and the speed of financial transactions facilitated by computers have expanded money laundering opportunities and activities in the latter half of the 1990s. There are increasing numbers of Webs sites that solicit money for transfer offshore, the rise of internet gambling and of virtual banking have made it possible to launder money without any infrastructure to run or regulate international banking operations. Instead, the rise of information technology and the growth of uncrackable encryption have provided the possibility of laundering money with greater facility and with almost perfect anonymity. All that is needed is a computer†. (Shelley, n.p.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rise of the new IT has helped an incredible communications revolution, also it has led to the growth of money laundering in some of the most remote areas in the world. Some important locations include Nauru, Vanuatu and the Marshall Islands through whose banks millions have been laundered in the last couple of decades. â€Å"Facilitating the rise of virtual banking in offshore locations has been the willingness of major banks to receive funds that have been routed through these locales. While well-written software could screen these transactions and prevent the absorption of these funds into mainstream banking centers, this has not occurred†. (Shelley, n.p.) What is Money Laundering?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Electronic Money Laundering covers the ABCs of money laundering and its connection to drug trafficking, terrorism and the global underground economy.   It traces the relevant statutory history from the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 onward†. (Farber, n.p.) How Money is Laundered Typically, by moving it from one state to another electronically or physically and obscuring its origin through complicated financial transactions. Financial Action Task Force (FATF), calculates of the amount of money laundered yearly worldwide from the illicit drug trade alone range between $US 300 billion and $US 500 billion. Usually money laundering has three stages: placement, where illicit cash is converted into monetary instruments or deposited into financial system accounts; layering, where the funds are moved to other financial Institutions; and integration, where these funds are used to acquire assets or fund further activities. The credit card industry includes: (1)   â€Å"Credit card associations (associations), such as VISA and MasterCard, which license their member banks to issue bankcards, or authorize merchants to accept those cards, or both; (2)   Issuing banks, which solicit potential customers and issue the credit cards; acquiring banks, which process transactions for merchants that accept credit cards; and (3)   third-party processors, which contract with issuing or acquiring banks to provide transaction processing and other credit card–related services for the banks†.( Money Laundering Extent of Money Laundering through Credit Cards is Unknown, pg, 1, 2) According to Assistant Director James E. Finch, of the FBI’s Cyber Division â€Å"The advent of new electronic currency systems increases the risk that criminals, and possibly terrorists, will exploit these systems to launder money and transfer funds globally to avoid law enforcement scrutiny and circumvent banking regulations and reporting.†   (Digital Currency Business E-Gold) Representatives of regulatory bodies, law enforcement agencies and gaming and credit card industries expressed mixed views concerning the vulnerability of Internet gambling to money laundering. According to law enforcement officials gambling on internet could be used as a primary motive for laundering criminal proceeds at the comparatively obscure layering stage of money laundering. Moreover, officials admitted the lack of adjudicated cases involving money laundering via internet gambling sites but referred what they believe to be leading factors, including the deficiency of any industry regulations or oversight. Regulatory gaming and banking officials did not consider internet gambling as being especially susceptible to money laundering. Particularly, when credit cards, which make a transaction record and are subject to comparatively low transaction limits, are employed for payment. Similarly, officials of gaming industry and credit card did not believe Internet gambling posed any peculiar risks in terms of money laundering. According to gaming industry officials Internet gambling was any more or less vulnerable to money laundering than other types of E-commerce, in their view, the financial industry, which is primary responsible for the payments system, is suited to monitoring for doubtful activity in the area than the gaming industry itself. Money Laundering Methods Electronic Funds Transfer Also known as wire transfer or telegraphic transfer, this method of money laundering consists of sending funds electronically from one nation to another in order to avoid the need to physically transport the currency. Postal Money Orders The purchase of money orders for cash provides opportunities to money launderers to send these financial instruments out of the state for deposit into overseas or offshore account. Credit Cards Overpaying credit cards and keeping a high balance in credit cards gives money launderers right of entry to these funds to purchase high value items or to change the credit balance into checks. Casinos In this method cash may be taken to a casino to buy chips which can then be redeemed for a casino check. Refining In this method the money launderer exchange small denomination bills for larger ones and can be carried out by a person who change the bills at a number of different banks in order not to raise suspicion. Structuring Smurfing Smurfing is perhaps the most used money laundering method. In this method many peoples who deposit cash into bank accounts or purchase bank drafts in amounts under $10,000 value to avoid the reporting threshold. Currency Exchanges and Money Services   Currency exchanges and Money services render a service that enables peoples to exchange overseas currency that can then be transported out of the city or country. Money can also be wired to accounts in other states. Other services provided by these businesses include the traveler’s checks, sale of money orders, and cashiers cheques. Asset Purchases with Bulk Cash In method of money laundering a money launderer may but high value items like cars, boats or other luxury items like electronics and jewelry. Money launderers will use these items but will distance themselves by having them registered or bought in a company’s name. Legitimate Business Individuals or criminal groups may invest or take over in businesses that usually handle a high cash transaction volume in order to mix the illicit moves with those of the legitimate business. Criminals may also buy businesses that receive cash payments, including bars; currency exchange shops restaurants, night clubs, and vending machine corporations.  Money launderer will then insert criminal funds as false income mixed with revenue that would not otherwise be adequate to maintain a legitimate business. Value Tampering â€Å"Money launderers may look for property owners who agree to sell their property, on paper, at a price below its actual value and then accept the difference of the purchase price under the table. In this way, the launderer can, for example, purchase a $2 million dollar property for $1 million, while secretly passing the balance to the seller. After holding the property for a period of time, the launderer then sells it for its true value of $2 million†. (Money Laundering A Preventive Guide) Loan Back In this money laundering method a criminal furnishes an associate with a sum of illegitimate money and the associate makes the paperwork for mortgage or a loan back to the criminal for the same amount, including all of the essential documentation.  This makes a false impression that the criminals funds are legitimate about our national security†. (Electronic Money Laundering An Environmental Scan) Effects of Money Laundering â€Å"Money laundering has far-reaching consequences: It makes crime pay; it allows drug traffickers, smugglers and other criminals to expand their operations. This drives up the cost of law enforcement and health care (e.g., treatment of drug addictions). It has the potential to undermine the financial community because of the sheer magnitude of the sums involved. The potential for corruption increases with the vast amounts of illegally obtained money in circulation. Laundering diminishes government tax revenue and therefore indirectly harms honest taxpayers and reduces legitimate job opportunities. Perceived ease of entry to our country attracts an undesirable element across our borders, degrading our quality of life and raising concerns â€Å"The key to control of international crime may depend on cutting off the flow of illegal profits to criminal organizations. It is estimated that $300 billion of dirty money may be laundered each year, its origin and ownership obscured as it passes through financial institutions and across national boundaries in an effort to hide and protect it from law enforcement authorities. Criminal organizations, like legitimate businesses, enjoy a swift and nearly risk free conduit for moving money between countries wire transfer systems. Illicit wire transfers are easily hidden among the 700,000 mostly legitimate wire transfers that occur daily in the United States, moving well over $2 trillion†. (Information Technologies for the Control of Money Laundering) The OTA was asked by the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs to evaluate the proposed use of techniques derived from AI research to monitor wire transfer traffic and realize doubtful transfers. Furthermore, fully automated computer screening of wire transfers was found to be almost impossible for some technical reasons. Nevertheless, OTA analysts developed and assessed a number of alternative configurations of technology that, combined with obvious legal and institutional innovations, could greatly improve the capability of law enforcement agencies to discover and prosecute money launders seeking to exploit United States. In addition, wire transfer systems and financial institutions all of these suggested configurations entail some social costs and economic, including some possible diminution of financial privacy, strategies are proposed for minimizing these costs while improving the possible usefulness of IT in control of money laundering.          Future of Money Laundering Cyber payments â€Å"The term cyber payments is just one of many used to describe systems which facilitate the transfer of financial value (i.e., digital currency, e-money). In fact, these developments may alter the means by which all types of financial transactions are conducted and financial payment systems are operated. Such transactions may occur via the Internet or through the use of smart cards which unlike debit or credit cards actually contain a microchip, which stores value on the card. Some Cyber payments systems use both. E-Cash There are several systems of e-money. There are stored value cards such as MONDEX which is a rechargeable card (charged by putting it in a special slot in an ATM), and is both an access device and a self contained store of value. Further to this is Internet-based payment systems that use the Internet’s telecommunications capability to facilitate financial transactions with other users. The personal computer which serves as the user’s interface with the Internet payment system can also store value and is therefore, also an access device and self contained store of value. Morris-Cotterill (How Not To Be a Money Launderer, 1996) describes the Internet as being one of the greatest opportunities for laundering because of the total lack of traceable transactions, the use of encryption software will further make transactions totally secure. With the Internet, being connected to anywhere in the world is no problem and this will allow cross border movements of capital to take place. It remains to be seen whether money laundering managers take advantage of these new technologies to circumvent any legislation on other traditional laundering techniques (smurfing, wire transfers, bank drafts for example). It is however, a worry to the authorities†. (International Money Laundering Information Bureau) Conclusion Money laundering may have shocking social consequences. Laundered funds furnish financial support for arms dealers, drug traffickers and other criminals to operate and expand their operations. Investigations disclose that criminals manipulate financial systems in Canada and other countries to support a broad range of illicit activities. For instance, drug trafficking alone generates millions of dollars in illicit funds for criminal organizations annually. Businesses backed by the proceeds from crime produce unfair competition and can insolvent legitimate competition in the market. Works Cited Digital Currency Business E-Gold Indicted for Money Laundering and Illegal Money http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2007/April/07_crm_301.html Accessed, June 14, 2007 Electronic Money Laundering An Environmental Scan http://ww2.ps-sp.gc.ca/publications/crim_jus/money_laundering_e.asp Accessed, June 14, 2007 Farber Dave, (08 Dec 1995), IP: Information Technology for Control of Money Laundering Information Technologies for the Control of Money Laundering http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecordmetadataPrefix=htmlidentifier=ADA336940 Accessed, June 14, 2007 International Money Laundering Information Bureau http://www.imlib.org/page13_future.html Accessed, June 14, 2007 Money Laundering A Preventive Guide http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/poc/launder_e.htm Accessed, June 14, 2007 Money Laundering Extent of Money Laundering through Credit Cards is Unknown (July, 2002 ) Report to the Chairman, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, (page 1,2) Section 508 Definitions http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/Purchase/Section_508_def.htm Accessed, June 14, 2007 Shelley Louise (n.d.), Money Laundering, Organized Crime and Corruption

How Dead Mens Path and Snapshots of a Wedding Portray Different Cultur

How Dead Men's Path and Snapshots of a Wedding Portray Different Cultures For this essay I am going to discuss Dead Men’s Path, by Chinua Achebe, and Snapshots Of A Wedding, by Bessie Head. These are both short stories from the Opening Worlds book by Heinemann. Written by the Nigerian son of devout Protestants, Dead Men’s Path is a profound short story, which explores the modernisation of Africa through beliefs and also the effects of Western customs and ideas on traditional African society. It tells the story of one man trying to modernise Ndume Central School in Africa where he has recently been made Headmaster. Although only 26, Michael Obi has a very high opinion of himself, and a somewhat over-inflated ego. He sees himself to be above others and superior to them because he is educated: ‘He was outspoken in his condemnation of the narrow views of these older and often less-educated ones.’ With his young wife Nancy supporting his radical ideas and views of a modern school, not just in teaching method but also in appearance, Obi tries to bring the ‘backwards... How Dead Men's Path and Snapshots of a Wedding Portray Different Cultur How Dead Men's Path and Snapshots of a Wedding Portray Different Cultures For this essay I am going to discuss Dead Men’s Path, by Chinua Achebe, and Snapshots Of A Wedding, by Bessie Head. These are both short stories from the Opening Worlds book by Heinemann. Written by the Nigerian son of devout Protestants, Dead Men’s Path is a profound short story, which explores the modernisation of Africa through beliefs and also the effects of Western customs and ideas on traditional African society. It tells the story of one man trying to modernise Ndume Central School in Africa where he has recently been made Headmaster. Although only 26, Michael Obi has a very high opinion of himself, and a somewhat over-inflated ego. He sees himself to be above others and superior to them because he is educated: ‘He was outspoken in his condemnation of the narrow views of these older and often less-educated ones.’ With his young wife Nancy supporting his radical ideas and views of a modern school, not just in teaching method but also in appearance, Obi tries to bring the ‘backwards...

Advertising Campaigns in Banking Using Images of Famous People Essay

Today, banking services look very similar to each other. While comparing various products, a customer has often no idea which one is the best for him and he does not even know how they differ from each other. In order to understand the difference between them, it requires a thorough analysis, for which a potential buyer does not have enough time. In most cases, the choice of customers is based on irrational considerations. By observing recent advertisements in banking sector, I came to conclusion that most of them are becoming less informative and more focused on creating a positive image of the bank and its product. This creates an impression that the product or service is essential to the customer and its possession or use of service means that the buyer belongs to a group of â€Å"the wise† or â€Å"better ones† who are â€Å"well chosen†. Further observations has shown that it is becoming increasingly popular to use celebrities in advertisements of well-known banks, as public has sympathy, respect and trust towards those people. These advertisements include actors, successful athletes and popular personalities from the media world. The common feature of these various industry representatives is their universal recognition. Therefore, the subject of this work is to look at how banks are creating a positive image though their advertising campaigns by using celebrities. The goal of my work is to present the role of the brand, the essence of advertising, as well as to demonstrate the specific marketing activities with the use of recognition of famous people. The first part provides information on the purpose of advertising, its functions and types. The second part shows how branding is done with the help of famous people in Russia. Lastly, I will conclude the research by evaluating advertising activities in banking sector and their effectiveness. Advertising Advertising is usually presented as a message that aims to increase demand and thus sales of a certain product. However, this definition is incomplete and should be supplemented by two important elements. The first one concerns the creation of advertising in order to reduce demand. An example could be an anti-smoking or anti-alcohol campaign. The second element is to present advertising as a combination of information and persuasion, prompting the customer to buy the product with better selectiveness. Since advertising is a broad concept, it is understood in many ways. Philip Kotler says that advertising is a measure of information and propaganda, designed to increase the level of knowledge of brand, product and company of its customers or potential customers. However, Belch & Belch write that advertising is any form of communication about a product, organisation, ideas or services originating from a distinct source, facing the environment. The most common purpose of advertising is to create customer awareness of the existence of a company, product or brand. The customer should spontaneously recall the advertised name, and at the same time be encouraged to re-purchase. Another objective is to maintain positive beliefs about the image and to create the best possible relationship with the client. These objectives could not be achieved only by using advertisements, as an integrated marketing plan is required for those purposes. Another function is related to the issuing of competitive messages in response to competitors’ advertising messages. The main objective is to increase the attractiveness of their products. Another way is to weaken the position of the competition by presenting their products from a weaker side. There are also two major function of advertisements. Consumer advertising – targeted at specific customers. A significant number of advertisements on television, radio or newspaper is consumer-based. A characteristic feature of these ads is that it is financed by the manufacturer or dealer who sells the product. Advertising to the companies – also known as industrial, commercial and so-called business advertising. The vast majority of advertisements related to consumer is located in all types of media. Business advertising presents in specialised publications or professional journals. The objectives and functions of advertising divide them into two more elements: Advertisement is designed in order to stimulate demand for the product, such as American cigarettes, fruit from Morocco, Polish chocolate. It is used in one of two situations. The first is part is when a product is getting launched. It is called pioneer advertising. The creation of such advertising is associated with the implementation of the following three objectives: 1) To introducing a new product to market.  2) To affect selected markets, simplification of the contractors carrying out the tasks. 3) To inform the pioneer. The second element is connected to advertising to maintain the demand. Such advertising is used throughout the product life cycle and seeks to maintain or stimulate demand. It is also important to mention, that the selective demand advertising is different from the main demand advertising which is designed to stimulate demand for individual brands. It is a competitive advertising that appears in the second product life cycle, when there are already competitive products on the market. The company is trying to gain an advantage through the promotion, so that customers remember those product. This is usually done by highlighting the advantages and unique advantages of the product over a competitor. Another form of selective demand advertising is comparative advertising. Creating brand by using the image of famous people A company that wants to effectively advertise its brand, should not reserve funds for advertising campaigns. Power of the media is unbelievably huge these days. Media is considered as a â€Å"fourth power† in terms of influence on public. Regarding the banking sector in Russia, it is becoming increasingly popular to use images of famous people in advertisements. It comes to media operations, whose primary objective is to create the brand advertising, where the actor or another person from the world of politics, business, etc. represents the business and associated with the product. Mechanics of this advertising method is simple: â€Å"This famous person uses the services of the bank N. So it’s a good bank and you can trust it.† This advertising method has several advantages: 1) The fame of celebrity and his character is applied to the brand. 2) If a customer feels confident towards the celebrity, this confidence will be applied to a brand. Increased brand loyalty among fans of celebrities. 3) The client is more prepared to use products and services and has positive attitude towards the brand reduces attention to the price. An example of a effective application of such a strategy is the brand image advertising campaign of VTB 24, which began back in 2008. The campaign was built on attracting celebrities to advertise the bank as a reliable, stable institution that can be trusted. Those celebrities where: a coach Tatiana Tarasova, actresses Ingeborg Dapkunayte and CHulpan Hamatova, composer Igor Sharp, etc. â€Å"Shall I call a few celebrities – this is the safest option, because you can work on different audiences at the same time† – believes the managing director of BBDO Branding Olga Konovalova. However, some experts pointed out that a participation of an actor Konstantin Khabenksy was not entirely successful the campaign . Usually his characters have unpredictable personality: they do not represent the stability that people are willing to see in the bank. Overall, Young & Rubicam advertising agency believes that this strategy seems to be justified. This campaign helped to create an image of VTB 24 as one of the most stable and popular among celebrities banks. Moreover, the brand recognition of this bank increased from 34 to 45%. But not all advertising campaigns became successful. â€Å"At the first glance I thought I was imagining things† – that was the reaction of most passers-by when they first saw the billboards of the bank â€Å"Trust† with an image of Bruce Willis. For the first time on the territory of the former Soviet Union such a global megastar was participating in the Russian advertising campaign. Vice-President of â€Å"Trust† Communications Dmitry Chukseev binds him choice of Bruce Willis with the results of studies that have shown that he is an absolute leader in the aggregate index of perception of the target audience. The use of celebrities in advertising has serious drawbacks, such as: 1) The risk choosing a wrong celebrity. â€Å"Money down the drain† if a celebrity is not popular among target consumers. 2) The risk of damaging the brand image in the case of a celebrity scandal. The risk of damaging the brand image in the case if celebrity is advertising some other brands. According to sociological research, advertising by using celebrities will be less in demand over time. In 2010, the American edition of Ad Age found that the modern public wants to get as much information in advertising as possible and it is this, rather than the popularity of the characters which is taken into account when banks are thinking of the next marketing move. A study of Ace Metrix found that advertising of financial services with celebrities does not generate high consumer confidence, besides celebrities distract the consumers’ attention on a product. Conclusion Advertising is created to promote the product. It is designed to convince customers to accept the product and purchase it. A form of advertisement should represent advantages of products and services promoted and show the benefits of the product to the customers. Advertising should involve means and methods that will effectively allow the transfer of your content to consumer. Today, advertising has almost the status of art. The advertising message is often intended not only to promote the product, but also to shock the customer and cause him to experience the product emotionally. Effectively formulated advertising message not only encourages the recipient to purchase a product, but also allows to encode in his mind, which in tern affects consumer’s preferences. The aim of this study was to show how the banks influence the decisions of customers through the use in advertising of the services of trusted and widely accepted celebrities. People pay attention to such features as sympathy and trust in the â€Å"star†. This confirms that the bank’s branding through advertising campaigns by using images of famous people has a positive affect on the overall brand awareness. Nowadays, due to the continuous changes in the market, the importance of quality and quantity of information is significantly increased. Information overload makes today’s buyer is no longer in a position to observe and analyse the changes. A more developed market, more products and forms of distribution, increased competition between companies means that the role of information significantly increases. Celebrities are no longer needed to raise confidence in the banks. Therefore, banking sector needs to change the trend in the commonly used types of advertisements, which will be characterised by greater efficiency than those involving identifiable persons. Therefore, creating brand by using the image of famous people is no longer perspective. However, this is still a matter of debate.

Essay on Severe Air Pollution in China - 1563 Words

After many years of ignoring the air pollution, smog ridden China has finally begun to take this issue more seriously. They are the worst country in the world when it comes to air pollution due to their huge population and large demand of manufactured goods (AFOP). This however is no excuse for what they do to the environment.This is a very important issue because of how much environmental damage can be prevented as well as setting an example of pollution reduction across the world. They must take this issue very seriously because air quality has gotten to the point where people are getting sick and dying there (The News Tribune, 2014). I believe for this to be a reality China must: reduce air pollution, change their energy†¦show more content†¦As of now China is promoting green energy to help cut back the use of fossil fuels, but this is a slow change and they are also reducing iron production (Barbara Finamore).The implementation of these changes may be gradual but they must be in order to keep up with China’s energy needs. These changes will be very helpful towards this crucial issue and though it may take time will eventually have a significant impact on reduction of air pollution in China. Another crucial step to reducing air pollution is changing energy habits. This goes hand in hand with reducing air pollution. If China is to permanently change their horrible air pollution they must not only reduce air pollution, but also switch to more effective energy sources. There are many types of clean energy sources such as: solar, wind, and hydroelectric. These energy sources are infinite, unlike coal and oil, which will eventually run out. As well as being more plentiful they also leave no pollution behind (NRDC). Though not all of China’s needs can be filled by green or â€Å"renewable† energy but any little bit helps. Since China is so large the more clean energy we use, the less air pollution being put out. This not only effects China, but the whole world because they’re pollution is contributing to global warming as other global issues. With continued improvements China plans to have 13% clean energy by 2017 (Barbara Finamore). This is a huge step towards reducing air pollutionShow MoreRelatedPollution Is A Serious Problem?1320 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1106 6 March 2016 pollution in china In the paper, I argue that what types of pollution in china by introducing the situation and problems in china. Following the development of economic and scientific, China is playing a very important role in the international arena. 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